Scroll was designed to allow Ethereum to grow with zkRollup, which is based on the zkEVM technology. It follows a set of technical principles to preserve Scroll’s core value. This post will explain these principles and how they relate with the larger design. Scroll’s Technical PrinciplesEnsuring user SafetyIn the context blockchain scaling solutions, the most critical form of security concerns data and funds integrity. Scroll believes that scaling solutions may give users additional capabilities but that users should have access to their funds. Scroll believes that users shouldn’t rely on Layer 2 nodes to provide security. They can still benefit from full Layer 1 security even if they are transacting at Layer 2. Scroll builds on Ethereum according this principle. This means that users don’t need to rely on Layer 2 nodes for security but can take advantage of full Layer 1 security even when transacting at Layer 2. An effective Ethereum scaling solution should allow developers and users to seamlessly migrate from existing dApps or developer tools. Scroll believes that EVM equivalence will be the best way to achieve this goal. EVM-equivalent environments behave exactly as the Ethereum Virtual Machine specification in Ethereum Yellow Paper. This allows developers and users to migrate without any additional code modifications, costly audits or disruptive changes in their development workflows. EVM equivalence offers stronger guarantees than just compatibility with EVM through solutions like translation. Compatibility would not be enough to force developers and users to modify or reimplement large portions of Ethereum’s supporting infrastructure. EVM equivalence is essential to ensure security. Therefore, in order to maximize the convenience of developers and users, Scroll is EVM equivalent, not simply EVM compatible.EfficiencyIn order to allow users to enjoy a good experience at Layer 2, Scroll believes.Transaction fees should be low, orders of magnitude cheaper than the base layer.Users should experience instant pre-confirmation at Layer 2 and reasonably fast finality at the base layer (Ethereum in Scroll’s case).While these conditions are easily met with centralized operators, they must continue to be maintained in a decentralized environment in order to maintain security. In the context of Layer 2, it is believed that Scroll should be as efficient as possible while maintaining user security and decentralization at Layer 2 and the base layer.Decentralization to all levels of the communityDecentralization is a core property of blockchains that is often overlooked or inappropriately traded for decentralization. It is one of the most important aspects of a blockchain. It helps ensure that protocols and communities remain alive and are not subject to censorship or coordinated attacks. Scroll’s decentralization is evident in many aspects, including the node operators, provers, developers, and users. Scroll has made it a priority to work openly with the community to chart a solid path to decentralization of proofs, ordering, and ordering. Scroll’s zkRollup-based design guarantees the integrity of layer-2 transactions that are executed on it by using succinct zero knowledge proofs that have been verified in Ethereum’s underlying smart contract. Scroll transactions are as secure as transactions on the Ethereum base layer. Users don’t need to trust third parties to keep their funds safe. Security comes from Ethereum’s underlying security and mathematical guarantees of zero-knowledge encryption. Scroll believes that this is a set if assumptions that have as little trust as possible, providing users with the best security. Scroll worked hard to make it acceptable to developers and users. It quickly became apparent that EVM equivalence via ZkEVM was a holy quest. This task would have been much easier if the equivalence relation was broken. However, it was quickly realized that it was possible, using recent breakthroughs in zero knowledge cryptography, to create a zkEVM. Scroll is attempting to make this a simple task for developers and users. Scroll’s zkEVM uses succinct ZK proofs to prove the correct execution of native EVM bytecode, providing guarantees for the state transition function of the EVM itself and allowing Scroll to support Ethereum native developer tools such as the JSON-RPC interface and transaction format.Decentralization leads Scroll to a decentralized network of validatorsWhen designing Scroll’s zkEVM, it was quickly realized that putting the EVM into a ZK proof would result in a significant proof overhead due to incompatibilities between local fields. Scroll created its own Roller network to reduce the proof time and increase the final result. Scroll can scale proof computation to a large extent by adding more proof nodes.
The community will be encouraged to develop better hardware solutions and run validators instead of relying on the Scroll team’s central management. Scroll is developing a GPU validation solution internally to help the network get started. Then, it will open-source it for the public. Scroll is working with hardware companies to explore ASIC and FPGA solutions as this matures. Long-term, expect fierce competition in this space. We believe that the cost and delay of proof generation will be greatly reduced.
Last but not least, a strong commitment to Scroll’s community engagement principles and principles of decentralization. Scroll started with the first decentralized prover. Scroll is working to decentralize Scroll’s orderer and network of validators as they approach the mainnet. This will provide greater censorship resistance, robustness, and security to the protocol. Scroll also plans to focus on open research-driven innovations. Scroll uses innovative research-driven solutions from the whole community to make Scroll’s ZkEVM practical. Scroll’s zkEVM design includes recent breakthroughs in proof systems and proof aggregation. Scroll’s open development approach allows for collaboration with the Ethereum Foundation’s PSE group and other collaborators in order to find the best ideas. Scroll continues to optimize and integrate the most recent technologies. It is currently being investigated. How to improve efficiency of blob data following post-danksharding
How to optimize Scroll’s ZkEVM using the new hardware-friendly ZK algorithm
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